单一职责原则的英文是 Single Responsibility Principle，缩写为 SRP。这个原则的英文描述是这样的：A class or module should have a single responsibility。如果我们把它翻译成中文，那就是：一个类或者模块只负责完成一个职责（或者功能）。
public class Alert { // 代码未改动... }
public class ApiStatInfo {//省略constructor/getter/setter方法
private String api;
private long requestCount;
private long errorCount;
private long durationOfSeconds;
private long timeoutCount; // 改动一：添加新字段
}
public abstract class AlertHandler { //代码未改动... }
public class TpsAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {//代码未改动...}
public class ErrorAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {//代码未改动...}
// 改动二：添加新的handler
public class TimeoutAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {//省略代码...}
public class ApplicationContext {
private AlertRule alertRule;
private Notification notification;
private Alert alert;
public void initializeBeans() {
alertRule = new AlertRule(/*.省略参数.*/); //省略一些初始化代码
notification = new Notification(/*.省略参数.*/); //省略一些初始化代码
alert = new Alert();
alert.addAlertHandler(new TpsAlertHandler(alertRule, notification));
alert.addAlertHandler(new ErrorAlertHandler(alertRule, notification));
// 改动三：注册handler
alert.addAlertHandler(new TimeoutAlertHandler(alertRule, notification));
}
//...省略其他未改动代码...
}
public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApiStatInfo apiStatInfo = new ApiStatInfo();
// ...省略apiStatInfo的set字段代码
apiStatInfo.setTimeoutCount(289); // 改动四：设置tiemoutCount值
ApplicationContext.getInstance().getAlert().check(apiStatInfo);
}
public class Statistics {
private Long max;
private Long min;
private Long average;
private Long sum;
private Long percentile99;
private Long percentile999;
//...省略constructor/getter/setter等方法...
}
public Statistics count(Collection<Long> dataSet) {
Statistics statistics = new Statistics();
//...省略计算逻辑...
return statistics;
}
public Long max(Collection<Long> dataSet) { //... }
public Long min(Collection<Long> dataSet) { //... }
public Long average(Colletion<Long> dataSet) { //... }
// ...省略其他统计函数...
public class RedisConfig {
private ConfigSource configSource; //配置中心（比如zookeeper）
private String address;
private int timeout;
private int maxTotal;
//省略其他配置: maxWaitMillis,maxIdle,minIdle...
public RedisConfig(ConfigSource configSource) {
this.configSource = configSource;
}
public String getAddress() {
return this.address;
}
//...省略其他get()、init()方法...
public void update() {
//从configSource加载配置到address/timeout/maxTotal...
}
}
public class KafkaConfig { //...省略... }
public class MysqlConfig { //...省略... }
现在，我们有一个新的功能需求，希望支持 Redis 和 Kafka 配置信息的热更新。但是，因为某些原因，我们并不希望对 MySQL 的配置信息进行热更新。
public interface Updater {
void update();
}
public class RedisConfig implemets Updater {
//...省略其他属性和方法...
@Override
public void update() { //... }
}
public class KafkaConfig implements Updater {
//...省略其他属性和方法...
@Override
public void update() { //... }
}
public class MysqlConfig { //...省略其他属性和方法... }
public class ScheduledUpdater {
private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();;
private long initialDelayInSeconds;
private long periodInSeconds;
private Updater updater;
public ScheduleUpdater(Updater updater, long initialDelayInSeconds, long periodInSeconds) {
this.updater = updater;
this.initialDelayInSeconds = initialDelayInSeconds;
this.periodInSeconds = periodInSeconds;
}
public void run() {
executor.scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
updater.update();
}
}, this.initialDelayInSeconds, this.periodInSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
}
public class Application {
ConfigSource configSource = new ZookeeperConfigSource(/*省略参数*/);
public static final RedisConfig redisConfig = new RedisConfig(configSource);
public static final KafkaConfig kafkaConfig = new KakfaConfig(configSource);
public static final MySqlConfig mysqlConfig = new MysqlConfig(configSource);
public static void main(String[] args) {
ScheduledUpdater redisConfigUpdater = new ScheduledUpdater(redisConfig, 300, 300);
redisConfigUpdater.run();
ScheduledUpdater kafkaConfigUpdater = new ScheduledUpdater(kafkaConfig, 60, 60);
kafkaConfigUpdater.run();
}
}
刚刚的热更新的需求我们已经搞定了。我们又有了一个新的监控功能需求。我们可以在项目中开发一个内嵌的 SimpleHttpServer，输出项目的配置信息到一个固定的 HTTP 地址。但是，出于某些原因，我们只想暴露 MySQL 和 Redis 的配置信息，不想暴露 Kafka 的配置信息。
为了实现这样一个功能，我们还需要对上面的代码做进一步改造。
public interface Updater {
void update();
}
public interface Viewer {
String outputInPlainText();
Map<String, String> output();
}
public class RedisConfig implemets Updater, Viewer {
//...省略其他属性和方法...
@Override
public void update() { //... }
@Override
public String outputInPlainText() { //... }
@Override
public Map<String, String> output() { //...}
}
public class KafkaConfig implements Updater {
//...省略其他属性和方法...
@Override
public void update() { //... }
}
public class MysqlConfig implements Viewer {
//...省略其他属性和方法...
@Override
public String outputInPlainText() { //... }
@Override
public Map<String, String> output() { //...}
}
public class SimpleHttpServer {
private String host;
private int port;
private Map<String, List<Viewer>> viewers = new HashMap<>();
public SimpleHttpServer(String host, int port) {//...}
public void addViewers(String urlDirectory, Viewer viewer) {
if (!viewers.containsKey(urlDirectory)) {
viewers.put(urlDirectory, new ArrayList<Viewer>());
}
this.viewers.get(urlDirectory).add(viewer);
}
public void run() { //... }
}
public class Application {
ConfigSource configSource = new ZookeeperConfigSource();
public static final RedisConfig redisConfig = new RedisConfig(configSource);
public static final KafkaConfig kafkaConfig = new KakfaConfig(configSource);
public static final MySqlConfig mysqlConfig = new MySqlConfig(configSource);
public static void main(String[] args) {
ScheduledUpdater redisConfigUpdater =
new ScheduledUpdater(redisConfig, 300, 300);
redisConfigUpdater.run();
ScheduledUpdater kafkaConfigUpdater =
new ScheduledUpdater(kafkaConfig, 60, 60);
redisConfigUpdater.run();
SimpleHttpServer simpleHttpServer = new SimpleHttpServer(“127.0.0.1”, 2389);
simpleHttpServer.addViewer("/config", redisConfig);
simpleHttpServer.addViewer("/config", mysqlConfig);
simpleHttpServer.run();
}
}
public class UserServiceTest {
public static boolean doTest() {
// ...
}
public static void main(String[] args) {//这部分逻辑可以放到框架中
if (doTest()) {
System.out.println("Test succeed.");
} else {
System.out.println("Test failed.");
}
}
}
在上面的代码中，所有的流程都由程序员来控制。
如果我们抽象出一个下面这样一个框架，我们再来看，如何利用框架来实现同样的功能。
具体的代码实现如下所示：
public abstract class TestCase {
public void run() {
if (doTest()) {
System.out.println("Test succeed.");
} else {
System.out.println("Test failed.");
}
}
public abstract boolean doTest();
}
public class JunitApplication {
private static final List<TestCase> testCases = new ArrayList<>();
public static void register(TestCase testCase) {
testCases.add(testCase);
}
public static final void main(String[] args) {
for (TestCase case: testCases) {
case.run();
}
}
public class Notification {
private MessageSender messageSender;
public Notification(MessageSender messageSender) {
this.messageSender = messageSender;
}
public void sendMessage(String cellphone, String message) {
this.messageSender.send(cellphone, message);
}
}
public interface MessageSender {
void send(String cellphone, String message);
}
// 短信发送类
public class SmsSender implements MessageSender {
@Override
public void send(String cellphone, String message) {
//....
}
}
// 站内信发送类
public class InboxSender implements MessageSender {
@Override
public void send(String cellphone, String message) {
//....
}
}
//使用Notification
MessageSender messageSender = new SmsSender();
Notification notification = new Notification(messageSender);
尽管依赖注入非常简单，但却非常有用，在后面的章节中，我们会讲到，它是编写可测试性代码最有效的手段。
5.3 依赖注入框架（DI Framework）
在采用依赖注入实现的 Notification 类中，虽然我们不需要用类似 hard code 的方式，在类内部通过 new 来创建 MessageSender 对象，但是，这个创建对象、组装（或注入）对象的工作仅仅是被移动到了更上层代码而已，还是需要我们程序员自己来实现。
具体代码如下所示：
public class Demo {
public static final void main(String args[]) {
MessageSender sender = new SmsSender(); //创建对象
Notification notification = new Notification(sender);//依赖注入
notification.sendMessage("13918942177", "短信验证码：2346");
}
}
public class NetworkTransporter {
// 省略属性和其他方法...
public Byte[] send(HtmlRequest htmlRequest) {
//...
}
}
public class HtmlDownloader {
private NetworkTransporter transporter;//通过构造函数或IOC注入
public Html downloadHtml(String url) {
Byte[] rawHtml = transporter.send(new HtmlRequest(url));
return new Html(rawHtml);
}
}
public class Document {
private Html html;
private String url;
public Document(String url) {
this.url = url;
HtmlDownloader downloader = new HtmlDownloader();
this.html = downloader.downloadHtml(url);
}
//...
}
public class HtmlDownloader {
private NetworkTransporter transporter;//通过构造函数或IOC注入
// HtmlDownloader这里也要有相应的修改
public Html downloadHtml(String url) {
HtmlRequest htmlRequest = new HtmlRequest(url);
Byte[] rawHtml = transporter.send(
htmlRequest.getAddress(), htmlRequest.getContent().getBytes());
return new Html(rawHtml);
}
}
public class Document {
private Html html;
private String url;
public Document(String url, Html html) {
this.html = html;
this.url = url;
}
//...
}
// 通过一个工厂方法来创建Document
public class DocumentFactory {
private HtmlDownloader downloader;
public DocumentFactory(HtmlDownloader downloader) {
this.downloader = downloader;
}
public Document createDocument(String url) {
Html html = downloader.downloadHtml(url);
return new Document(url, html);
}
}
6.4 理论解读与代码实战二
现在，我们再来看一下这条原则中的后半部分：“有依赖关系的类之间，尽量只依赖必要的接口”。
下面这段代码非常简单，Serialization 类负责对象的序列化和反序列化。
public class Serialization {
public String serialize(Object object) {
String serializedResult = ...;
//...
return serializedResult;
}
public Object deserialize(String str) {
Object deserializedResult = ...;
//...
return deserializedResult;
}
}
